TRANSVERSAL · 24 entries
Transversal.
Entries on infrastructure, ethics, and procedures cutting across scientific practice: reproducibility, FAIR, preregistration, systematic review, ORCID, ethics committees, and research data protection.
Data management plan Formal document describing how a project's data will be created, organized, documented, stored, preserved, and shared across the research lifecycle. It operationalizes the FAIR principles and is required by funders.
Cross-cutting DOI Persistent identifier for digital objects, defined by ISO 26324 and administered by the International DOI Foundation. The de facto standard in academic communication for stable citation of articles, datasets, chapters, and other research outputs.
Cross-cutting FAIR principles Set of four principles for research data management: Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable. Articulated by Wilkinson et al. (2016, Scientific Data). International standard adopted by the European Commission, NIH, and global funders.
Cross-cutting GRADE System for rating the certainty of a body of evidence (high, moderate, low, very low) and the strength of a recommendation, applied per outcome and not to an isolated study. It separates how much the effect is trusted from how strong the recommendation is.
Cross-cutting Gray literature Research output disseminated outside commercial channels and the peer-reviewed journal circuit: theses, reports, proceedings, government documents, working papers, and preprints. Important in reviews to reduce publication bias.
Cross-cutting Lattes Platform (CNPq) Integrated CNPq system maintaining curricula of Brazilian researchers, research groups (Directory), and institutions. National standard for academic evaluation, scholarship distribution, and funding. Operating since 1999.
Cross-cutting Open science Umbrella concept that gathers the practices aimed at making the research process and outputs transparent, accessible, and reusable at every stage: open access, FAIR data, preregistration, open source, open review, and reproducibility.
Cross-cutting ORCID Unique persistent identifier for researchers, in a 16-digit format. Maintained by ORCID Inc., a nonprofit organization. Today required by most funders and journals as a condition for submission and grant award.
Cross-cutting p-hacking and HARKing Two practices that inflate false positives: p-hacking tries multiple analyses until crossing the significance threshold, exploiting researcher degrees of freedom; HARKing forms the hypothesis after seeing the results and presents it as predicted a priori.
Cross-cutting Preregistration Formal deposit of hypotheses, methods, and analysis plan before data collection or analysis, in a repository with verifiable timestamp (OSF, AsPredicted). Distinguishes confirmatory from exploratory. Nosek et al. (2018) synthesized the revolution.
Cross-cutting PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses: international guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Current version: PRISMA 2020 (Page et al., BMJ). 27-item checklist + flow diagram. Near-universal adoption in health.
Cross-cutting PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, maintained by CRD (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York) since 2011. Registers systematic review protocols in health before initiation, with permanent timestamp and DOI. International standard.
Cross-cutting Publication bias Systematic distortion of the literature that results from studies being published according to the direction and strength of findings, not method quality. Positive results predominate; null ones stay in the file drawer, inflating meta-analyses.
Cross-cutting Reporting guidelines Standardized checklists that specify the minimum an article of a given design must report to be assessed and reproduced. CONSORT for trials, STROBE for observational studies, PRISMA for reviews; cataloged by the EQUATOR Network.
Cross-cutting Reproducibility and replicability Reproducibility: obtaining the same results with the same data and code. Replicability: obtaining consistent results in an independent study with new data collection. Distinction formalized by Goodman et al. (2016) and adopted by the National Academies (2019).
Cross-cutting Research ethics committee Independent institutional body that ethically evaluates research projects with human participants. CEP/CONEP in Brazil, IRB in the US, REC in the UK. Foundations: Helsinki (1964), Belmont Report (1979), Beauchamp and Childress's principles.
Cross-cutting Risk-of-bias assessment Structured examination of how much a study's design and conduct may distort its results, done by domains and per study. RoB 2 for randomized trials, ROBINS-I for non-randomized studies of interventions.
Cross-cutting Scientometric analysis Quantitative study of science as a system: production, collaboration, citations, impact, field dynamics. Differs from bibliometrics by broader scope (policies, national indicators). Methods: network analysis, text mining, temporal analysis.
Cross-cutting Scoping review Structured synthesis that maps literature on a broad topic, identifies key concepts, gaps, and types of evidence. Distinguished from systematic review by broader scope and absence of quality appraisal. Framework by Arksey and O'Malley (2005); reporting via PRISMA-ScR.
Cross-cutting Sensitive data in research Data categories requiring extra protection: health, genetic data, sexual orientation, religion, financial status, geolocation. Regulated by LGPD (Brazil), GDPR (EU), HIPAA (US). Anonymization is not a final solution — re-identification is a growing risk.
Cross-cutting Sucupira Platform (CAPES) CAPES system for collecting data from Brazilian graduate programs (master's, doctoral). Foundation of the quadrennial evaluation: grades 3-7 that determine course recognition and scholarship distribution. Operating since 2014, replacing CAPES Coleta.
Cross-cutting Systematic review Structured synthesis of literature on a specific research question, with explicit, reproducible, and preregistered method. Identifies, appraises, and integrates relevant studies minimizing bias. PRISMA 2020 is the standard reporting guideline.
Cross-cutting Umbrella review A review of reviews: it synthesizes, compares, and contrasts the findings of several systematic reviews and meta-analyses on a topic, taking the review as its unit of analysis. One of the highest tiers of evidence synthesis.
Cross-cutting Version control for research Systematic recording of changes to files over time, tracking who changed what and when, with recovery of any previous state. Git is the standard tool; it applies reproducibility to the computational practice of research.
Cross-cutting